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# Cosmology

#### Hot Big Bang model

Scientists theorise that the universe commenced with a 'hot Big Bang' of energy and matter. The universe continues to expand in space today. A good model for this is blowing up a balloon; all points on the skin of the balloon move away from all other points.

This theory is supported by evidence from the cosmic microwave background radiation and the redshift observed in the absorption spectra from distant galaxies.

#### Evidence: Cosmic microwave background

Gazing out into the sky with a radio telescope reveals that the universe is far more homogenous than we might think. A near constant cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation can be detected in all directions.

Scientists had previously speculated that the universe should contain some electromagnetic radiation left over from the Big Bang. At the beginning of the universe this would have been high energy, high frequency gamma radiation. Over time, cooling and expansion of the universe have caused this radiation to increase in wavelength to become the microwave frequency we observe today.

CMB radiation should be considered isotropic with an absolute temperature of approximately 2.76 K.

Bizarrely it is almost always shown with magnified colour variations. This image shows a truer measurement!

#### Evidence: Redshift

The observed wavelength of waves emitted by a body depends on the relative motion between source and observer.

You've probably noticed this when passed by an emergency vehicle with a siren; the pitch is higher as the vehicle comes towards you and then immediately drops as it drives away. This effect is known as the Doppler effect.

The same is true with light. The absorption spectrum of light from a star will be redshifted for a star that is receding relative to Earth. Blueshift occurs for stars approaching Earth.

The redshift factor is defined as the ratio of the variation in wavelength to the wavelength emitted by the source. It is approximately equal to the ratio of the recessional velocity (positive for objects moving away) to the speed of light.

$$z = {{\Delta \lambda \over \lambda_0} \approx {v\over c}}$$

• $$z$$ is the redshift factor (dimensionless)
• $$\Delta \lambda$$ is the change in wavelength obersved on the absorption spectrum (m)
• $$\lambda_0$$ is the wavelength emitted by the source (m)
• $$v$$ is the recessional velocity (ms-1)
• $$c$$ is the speed of light (= 3 x 108 ms-1)